C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of characters to/from files:

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• ofstream: Stream class to write on files
• ifstream: Stream class to read from files
• fstream: Stream class to both read and write from/to files.

These classes are derived directly or indirectly from the classes istream and ostream. We have already used objects whose types were these classes: cin is an object of class istream and cout is an object of class ostream. Therefore, we have already been using classes that are related to our file streams. And in fact, we can use our file streams the same way we are already used to use cin and cout, with the only difference that we have to associate these streams with physical files. Let's see an example:
This code creates a file called example.txt and inserts a sentence into it in the same way we are used to do with cout, but using the file stream myfile instead.
But let's go step by step:

Open a file

The first operation generally performed on an object of one of these classes is to associate it to a real file. This procedure is known as to open a file. An open file is represented within a program by a stream (i.e., an object of one of these classes; in the previous example, this was myfile) and any input or output operation performed on this stream object will be applied to the physical file associated to it.
In order to open a file with a stream object we use its member function open:
open (filename, mode);

Where filename is a string representing the name of the file to be opened, and mode is an optional parameter with a combination of the following flags:

ios::in	Open for input operations.
ios::out	Open for output operations.
ios::binary	Open in binary mode.
ios::ate	Set the initial position at the end of the file. If this flag is not set, the initial position is the beginning of the file.
ios::app	All output operations are performed at the end of the file, appending the content to the current content of the file.
ios::trunc	If the file is opened for output operations and it already existed, its previous content is deleted and replaced by the new one.

All these flags can be combined using the bitwise operator OR (|). For example, if we want to open the file example.bin in binary mode to add data we could do it by the following call to member function open:

Each of the open member functions of classes ofstream, ifstream and fstream has a default mode that is used if the file is opened without a second argument:

class	default mode parameter
ofstream	ios::out
ifstream	ios::in
fstream	ios::in | ios::out

For ifstream and ofstream classes, ios::in and ios::out are automatically and respectively assumed, even if a mode that does not include them is passed as second argument to the open member function (the flags are combined).
For fstream, the default value is only applied if the function is called without specifying any value for the mode parameter. If the function is called with any value in that parameter the default mode is overridden, not combined.
File streams opened in binary mode perform input and output operations independently of any format considerations. Non-binary files are known as text files, and some translations may occur due to formatting of some special characters (like newline and carriage return characters).
Since the first task that is performed on a file stream is generally to open a file, these three classes include a constructor that automatically calls the open member function and has the exact same parameters as this member. Therefore, we could also have declared the previous myfile object and conduct the same opening operation in our previous example by writing:
Combining object construction and stream opening in a single statement. Both forms to open a file are valid and equivalent.
To check if a file stream was successful opening a file, you can do it by calling to member is_open. This member function returns a bool value of true in the case that indeed the stream object is associated with an open file, or false otherwise:

Closing a file

When we are finished with our input and output operations on a file we shall close it so that the operating system is notified and its resources become available again. For that, we call the stream's member function close. This member function takes flushes the associated buffers and closes the file:
Once this member function is called, the stream object can be re-used to open another file, and the file is available again to be opened by other processes.
In case that an object is destroyed while still associated with an open file, the destructor automatically calls the member function close.

Text files

Text file streams are those where the ios::binary flag is not included in their opening mode. These files are designed to store text and thus all values that are input or output from/to them can suffer some formatting transformations, which do not necessarily correspond to their literal binary value.
Writing operations on text files are performed in the same way we operated with cout:

Reading from a file can also be performed in the same way that we did with cin:
This last example reads a text file and prints out its content on the screen. We have created a while loop that reads the file line by line, using getline. The value returned by getline is a reference to the stream object itself, which when evaluated as a boolean expression (as in this while-loop) is true if the stream is ready for more operations, and false if either the end of the file has been reached or if some other error occurred.

Checking state flags

The following member functions exist to check for specific states of a stream (all of them return a bool value):

bad()

Returns true if a reading or writing operation fails. For example, in the case that we try to write to a file that is not open for writing or if the device where we try to write has no space left.

fail()

Returns true in the same cases as bad(), but also in the case that a format error happens, like when an alphabetical character is extracted when we are trying to read an integer number.

eof()

Returns true if a file open for reading has reached the end.

good()

It is the most generic state flag: it returns false in the same cases in which calling any of the previous functions would return true. Note that good and bad are not exact opposites (good checks more state flags at once).

The member function clear() can be used to reset the state flags.

get and put stream positioning

All i/o streams objects keep internally -at least- one internal position:
ifstream, like istream

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, keeps an internal get position with the location of the element to be read in the next input operation.
ofstream, like ostream, keeps an internal put position with the location where the next element has to be written.
Finally, fstream, keeps both, the get and the put position, like iostream.
These internal stream positions point to the locations within the stream where the next reading or writing operation is performed. These positions can be observed and modified using the following member functions:

tellg() and tellp()

These two member functions with no parameters return a value of the member type streampos, which is a type representing the current get position (in the case of tellg) or the put position (in the case of tellp).

seekg() and seekp()

These functions allow to change the location of the get and put positions. Both functions are overloaded with two different prototypes. The first form is:
seekg ( position );
seekp ( position );

Using this prototype, the stream pointer is changed to the absolute position position (counting from the beginning of the file). The type for this parameter is streampos, which is the same type as returned by functions

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tellg and tellp.
The other form for these functions is:
seekg ( offset, direction );
seekp ( offset, direction );

Using this prototype, the get or put position is set to an offset value relative to some specific point determined by the parameter direction. offset is of type streamoff. And direction is of type seekdir, which is an enumerated type that determines the point from where offset is counted from, and that can take any of the following values:

ios::beg	offset counted from the beginning of the stream
ios::cur	offset counted from the current position
ios::end	offset counted from the end of the stream

The following example uses the member functions we have just seen to obtain the size of a file:

Notice the type we have used for variables begin and end:
streampos is a specific type used for buffer and file positioning and is the type returned by file.tellg(). Values of this type can safely be subtracted from other values of the same type, and can also be converted to an integer type large enough to contain the size of the file.
These stream positioning functions use two particular types: streampos and streamoff. These types are also defined as member types of the stream class:

Type	Member type	Description
streampos	ios::pos_type	Defined as fpos<mbstate_t>. It can be converted to/from streamoff and can be added or subtracted values of these types.
streamoff	ios::off_type	It is an alias of one of the fundamental integral types (such as int or long long).

Each of the member types above is an alias of its non-member equivalent (they are the exact same type). It does not matter which one is used. The member types are more generic, because they are the same on all stream objects (even on streams using exotic types of characters), but the non-member types are widely used in existing code for historical reasons.

Binary files

For binary files, reading and writing data with the extraction and insertion operators (<< and >>) and functions like getline is not efficient, since we do not need to format any data and data is likely not formatted in lines.
File streams include two member functions specifically designed to read and write binary data sequentially: write and read. The first one (write) is a member function of ostream (inherited by ofstream). And read is a member function of istream (inherited by ifstream). Objects of class fstream have both. Their prototypes are:
write ( memory_block, size );
read ( memory_block, size );

Where memory_block is of type char* (pointer to char), and represents the address of an array of bytes where the read data elements are stored or from where the data elements to be written are taken. The size parameter is an integer value that specifies the number of characters to be read or written from/to the memory block.

In this example, the entire file is read and stored in a memory block. Let's examine how this is done:
First, the file is open with the ios::ate flag, which means that the get pointer will be positioned at the end of the file. This way, when we call to member tellg(), we will directly obtain the size of the file.
Once we have obtained the size of the file, we request the allocation of a memory block large enough to hold the entire file:
Right after that, we proceed to set the get position at the beginning of the file (remember that we opened the file with this pointer at the end), then we read the entire file, and finally close it:

At this point we could operate with the data obtained from the file. But our program simply announces that the content of the file is in memory and then finishes.

Buffers and Synchronization

When we operate with file streams, these are associated to an internal buffer object of type streambuf. This buffer object may represent a memory block that acts as an intermediary between the stream and the physical file. For example, with an ofstream, each time the member function put (which writes a single character) is called, the character may be inserted in this intermediate buffer instead of being written directly to the physical file with which the stream is associated.
The operating system may also define other layers of buffering for reading and writing to files.
When the buffer is flushed, all the data contained in it is written to the physical medium (if it is an output stream). This process is called synchronization and takes place under any of the following circumstances:

• When the file is closed: before closing a file, all buffers that have not yet been flushed are synchronized and all pending data is written or read to the physical medium.
• When the buffer is full: Buffers have a certain size. When the buffer is full it is automatically synchronized.
• Explicitly, with manipulators: When certain manipulators are used on streams, an explicit synchronization takes place. These manipulators are: flush and endl.
• Explicitly, with member function sync(): Calling the stream's member function sync() causes an immediate synchronization. This function returns an int value equal to -1 if the stream has no associated buffer or in case of failure. Otherwise (if the stream buffer was successfully synchronized) it returns 0.

Previous: Preprocessor directives

Index

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The articles in this section of the documentation explain a subset of the error messages that are generated by the Microsoft C/C++ compiler.

Important

The Visual Studio compilers and build tools can report many kinds of errors and warnings. After an error or warning is found, the build tools may make assumptions about code intent and attempt to continue, so that more issues can be reported at the same time. If the tools make the wrong assumption, later errors or warnings may not apply to your project. When you correct issues in your project, always start with the first error or warning that's reported, and rebuild often. One fix may make many subsequent errors go away.

To get help on a particular diagnostic message in Visual Studio, select it in the Output window and press the F1 key. Visual Studio opens the documentation page for that error, if one exists. You can also use the search tool above to find articles about specific errors or warnings. Or, browse the list of errors and warnings by tool and type in the navigation pane on this page.

Note

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For links to additional help and community resources, see Visual C++ Help and Community.

Error messages

Error	Message
Fatal error C999	UNKNOWN MESSAGE Please choose the Technical Support command on the Visual C++ Help menu, or open the Technical Support help file for more information
Fatal error C1001	An internal error has occurred in the compiler. (compiler file 'file', line number) To work around this problem, try simplifying or changing the program near the locations listed above. Please choose the Technical Support command on the Visual C++ Help menu, or open the Technical Support help file for more information
Fatal error C1002	compiler is out of heap space in pass 2
Fatal error C1003	error count exceeds number; stopping compilation
Fatal error C1004	unexpected end-of-file found
Fatal error C1005	string too big for buffer
Fatal error C1007	unrecognized flag 'string' in 'option'
Fatal error C1008	no input file specified
Fatal error C1009	compiler limit: macros nested too deeply
Fatal error C1010	unexpected end of file while looking for precompiled header. Did you forget to add '#include <file>' to your source?
Fatal error C1012	unmatched parenthesis: missing 'character'
Fatal error C1013	compiler limit: too many open parentheses
Fatal error C1014	too many include files: depth = number
Fatal error C1016	#ifdef/#ifndef expected an identifier
Fatal error C1017	invalid integer constant expression
Fatal error C1018	unexpected #elif
Fatal error C1019	unexpected #else
Fatal error C1020	unexpected #endif
Fatal error C1021	invalid preprocessor command 'string'
Fatal error C1022	expected #endif
Fatal error C1023	'file': unexpected error with pch, try rebuilding the pch
Fatal error C1026	parser stack overflow, program too complex
Fatal error C1033	cannot open program database 'file'
Fatal error C1034	file: no include path set
Fatal error C1035	expression too complex; simplify expression
Fatal error C1036	cannot overwrite earlier program database format, delete 'file' and recompile
Fatal error C1037	cannot open object file 'file'
Fatal error C1038	compiler limit: 'function': control flow state too complex; simplify function
Fatal error C1041	cannot open program database 'file'; if multiple CL.EXE write to the same .PDB file, please use /FS
Fatal error C1045	compiler limit: linkage specifications nested too deeply
Fatal error C1046	compiler limit: structure nested too deeply
Fatal error C1047	The object or library file 'file' was created with an older compiler than other objects; rebuild old objects and libraries
Fatal error C1048	unknown option 'string' in 'option'
Fatal error C1049	invalid numerical argument 'value'
Fatal error C1051	program database file, 'file', has an obsolete format, delete it and recompile
Fatal error C1052	program database file, 'filename', was generated by the linker with /DEBUG:fastlink; compiler cannot update such PDB files; please delete it or use /Fd to specify a different PDB filename
Fatal error C1053	'function': function too large
Fatal error C1054	compiler limit: initializers nested too deeply
Fatal error C1055	compiler limit: out of keys
Fatal error C1057	unexpected end of file in macro expansion
Fatal error C1060	compiler is out of heap space
Fatal error C1061	compiler limit: blocks nested too deeply
Fatal error C1063	compiler limit: compiler stack overflow
Fatal error C1064	compiler limit: token overflowed internal buffer
Fatal error C1065	compiler limit: out of tags
Fatal error C1067	compiler limit: 64K limit on size of a type record has been exceeded
Fatal error C1068	cannot open file 'file'
Fatal error C1069	cannot read compiler command line
Fatal error C1070	mismatched #if/#endif pair in file 'file'
Fatal error C1071	unexpected end of file found in comment
Fatal error C1073	Internal error involving incremental compilation(compiler file 'file', line number)
Fatal error C1074	'IDB' is illegal extension for PDB file: file
Fatal error C1075	the left token was unmatched at the end of the file
Fatal error C1076	compiler limit: internal heap limit reached; use /Zm to specify a higher limit
Fatal error C1077	compiler limit: cannot have more than number command line options
Fatal error C1079	compiler limit: PCH file size limit exceeded
Fatal error C1080	compiler limit: command line option exceeded limit of number characters
Fatal error C1081	'file': file name too long
Fatal error C1082	cannot close type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1083	cannot open type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1084	cannot read type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1085	cannot write type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1086	cannot seek type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1087	cannot tell type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1088	cannot flush type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1089	cannot truncate type file: 'file': message
Fatal error C1090	PDB API call failed, error code 'code': 'message'
Fatal error C1091	compiler limit: string exceeds number bytes in length
Fatal error C1092	Edit and Continue does not support changes to data types; build required
Fatal error C1093	API call 'function' failed 'HRESULT' : 'description'
Fatal error C1094	'-Zmnumber': command line option is inconsistent with value used to build precompiled header ('-Zmnumber')
Fatal error C1098	Version mismatch with Edit and Continue engine
Fatal error C1099	Edit and Continue engine terminating compile
Fatal error C1100	unable to initialize OLE: error
Fatal error C1101	cannot create handler for attribute 'identifier'
Fatal error C1102	unable to initialize: error
Fatal error C1103	fatal error importing progid: 'message'
Fatal error C1104	fatal error importing libid: 'message'
Fatal error C1105	message: error
Fatal error C1107	could not find assembly 'assembly': please specify the assembly search path using /AI or by setting the LIBPATH environment variable
Fatal error C1108	unable to find DLL: 'file'
Fatal error C1109	unable to find 'symbol' in DLL 'file'
Fatal error C1110	too many nested template/generic definitions
Fatal error C1111	too many template/generic parameters
Fatal error C1112	compiler limit: 'number' too many macro arguments, only number allowed
Fatal error C1113	#using failed on 'file'
Fatal error C1114	'file': WinRT does not support #using of a managed assembly
Fatal error C1120	call to GetProcAddress failed for 'function'
Fatal error C1121	call to CryptoAPI failed
Fatal error C1126	automatic allocation exceeds size
Fatal error C1128	number of sections exceeded object file format limit: compile with /bigobj
Fatal error C1189	#error: message
Fatal error C1190	managed targeted code requires a '/clr' option
Fatal error C1191	'file' can only be imported at global scope
Fatal error C1192	#using failed on 'file'
Fatal error C1193	an error expected in file(line) not reached
Fatal error C1195	use of /Yu and /Yc on the same command line is incompatible with the /clr option
Fatal error C1196	'identifier' : identifier found in type library 'typelib' is not a valid C++ identifier
Fatal error C1197	cannot reference 'file' as the program has already referenced 'file'
Fatal error C1201	unable to continue after syntax error in class template definition
Fatal error C1202	recursive type or function dependency context too complex
Fatal error C1205	Generics are not supported by the version of the runtime installed
Fatal error C1206	Per-appdomain data is not supported by the version of the runtime installed
Fatal error C1207	Managed templates not supported by the version of the runtime installed
Fatal error C1208	Allocating reference classes on the stack is not supported by the version of the runtime installed
Fatal error C1209	Friend assemblies not supported by the version of the runtime installed
Fatal error C1210	/clr:pure and /clr:safe are not supported by the version of the runtime installed
Fatal error C1211	The TypeForwardedTo Custom Attribute is not supported by the version of the runtime installed
Fatal error C1300	error accessing program database file (message)
Fatal error C1301	error accessing program database file, invalid format, please delete and rebuild
Fatal error C1302	no profile data for module 'module' in profile database 'file'
Fatal error C1305	profile database 'file' is for a different architecture
Fatal error C1306	last change to profile data base 'file' was not optimization analysis; optimization decisions may be out of date
Fatal error C1307	program has been edited since profile data was collected
Fatal error C1308	file: linking assemblies is not supported
Fatal error C1309	Mismatched versions of C2.DLL and pgodbver.DLL
Fatal error C1310	profile guided optimizations are not available with OpenMP
Fatal error C1311	COFF format cannot statically initialize 'symbol' with number byte(s) of an address
Fatal error C1312	Too many conditional branches in function. Simplify or refactor source code.
Fatal error C1313	compiler limit: type blocks may not be nested deeper than number levels
Fatal error C1350	error loading dll 'file': dll not found
Fatal error C1351	error loading dll 'file': incompatible version
Fatal error C1352	Invalid or corrupt MSIL in function 'function' from module 'module'
Fatal error C1353	metadata operation failed: runtime not installed or version mismatch
Fatal error C1382	the PCH file 'file' has been rebuilt since 'obj' was generated. Please rebuild this object
Fatal error C1383	compiler option /GL is incompatible with the installed version of common language runtime
Fatal error C1384	Incorrect setting for PGO_PATH_TRANSLATION when linking 'file'
Fatal error C1451	Failed to generate debug information when compiling the call graph for the concurrency::parallel_for_each at: 'callsite'
Fatal error C1505	unrecoverable parser look-ahead error
Fatal error C1506	unrecoverable block scoping error
Fatal error C1508	compiler limit: 'function': more than 65535 argument bytes
Fatal error C1509	compiler limit: too many exception handler states in function 'function'; simplify function
Fatal error C1510	Cannot open language resource clui.dll
Fatal error C1601	unsupported inline assembly opcode
Fatal error C1602	unsupported intrinsic
Fatal error C1603	inline assembly branch target out of range by number bytes
Fatal error C1852	'file' is not a valid precompiled header file
Fatal error C1853	'file' precompiled header file is from a previous version of the compiler, or the precompiled header is C++ and you are using it from C (or vice versa)
Fatal error C1854	cannot overwrite information formed during creation of the precompiled header in object file: 'file'
Fatal error C1900	Il mismatch between 'tool' version 'number' and 'tool' version 'number'
Fatal error C1901	Internal memory management error
Fatal error C1902	Program database manager mismatch; please check your installation
Fatal error C1903	unable to recover from previous error(s); stopping compilation
Fatal error C1904	bad provider interaction: 'file'
Fatal error C1905	Front end and back end not compatible (must target same processor).

See also